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| Anchorage to Ponoka 2004 miles |
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| Clues from the Picture |
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| Quiz #461 Results |
| Answers to Quiz #461 - January 11, 2015 |
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| TinEye Alert You can find this photo on TinEye.com, but the quiz will be a lot more fun if you solve the puzzle on your own. |
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How Ida Solved the Puzzle |
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How Arthur Solved the Puzzle |
I started in google images looking for sink hole. I was surprised how many different sink holes have occurred. And the number of states with large expanses subject to sink hole activity. Cars in sink hole brought up the 1964 earthquake. Wikipedia the picture taken by an Army photographer. Army activated within 10 hours of quake, hence March 28,29 date. Arthur Hartwell |
In 1964, Alaska was shaken by the largest
U.S. earthquake ever recorded: Magnitude
9.2. In 1964, scientists did not
understand how or why it occurred.
Immediately, three U.S. Geological
Survey scientists were sent to figure it
out. There were no faults at the surface
to explain it. Even with months of careful
observation and field work the cause of
the quake remained a mystery, until one
of the scientists, geologist George
Plafker, considered the quake in terms of
U.S. earthquake ever recorded: Magnitude
9.2. In 1964, scientists did not
understand how or why it occurred.
Immediately, three U.S. Geological
Survey scientists were sent to figure it
out. There were no faults at the surface
to explain it. Even with months of careful
observation and field work the cause of
the quake remained a mystery, until one
of the scientists, geologist George
Plafker, considered the quake in terms of
| Magnitude 9.2 - The Great Alaskan Earthquake USGS Multimedia Gallery gallery.usgs.gov/videos/748#.VLy4HkfF8-p |
the newly forming theory of plate tectonics. His realization changed our understanding
of these great earthquakes.
George Plafker: “…the oceanic crust is being pushed underneath that part of southern
Alaska at a very low angle and there was slip on this, on the interface between the
oceanic crust and the overlying continental crust. “
These two crusts are converging at the dramatic rate of an inch and a half each year.
Periodic slip between the crusts produces great quakes, which Plafker called
“megathrust” earthquakes. Scientists now recognize the distinctive patterns of uplift
and downdrop at the earth’s surface characteristic of these quakes.
George Plafker: “One of the obvious things that everybody wants to know when you
have an earthquake like this is how frequently do they occur? Could you have one
tomorrow or is it thousands of years?”
By drilling 50 feet into the earth and taking core samples, Plafker and his team
discovered nine megathrust earthquakes had occurred in south central Alaska over the
past 5,500 years. The average time span between these quakes is 630 years.
The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake was accompanied by massive tsunamis. Within
minutes one created a wave 20 stories high in parts of Alaska. Some travelled across
the Pacific wreaking havoc in coastal Oregon, California, and Hawaii.
The widespread damage and loss of life from this earthquake led to a determination to
use science to save lives in the future.
Peter Haeussler: “South central Alaska here is the infrastructure center of the state and
it’s also by far the largest population center of the state. And the work that we do
involves basically….the fundamental characterizing of the earthquake hazard and
knowing which faults are active, which faults can produce earthquakes, understanding
how often these earthquakes occur. And then another part is understanding the local
tsunami hazard."
Legacies from the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake include: - The USGS Earthquake
Hazards Program. – NOAA’s round-the-clock Tsunami Warning Centers. – The
Advanced National Seismic System, resulting in Seismic Hazard Maps and improved
building codes.
All together, these programs can help predict strong ground motions from future
earthquakes, and minimize risks. For one example, scientists learned that Valdez was so
unstable and at such risk for earthquakes that the town was moved.
The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake changed our understanding of quakes and tsunamis
and had a profound and lasting impact on how scientific knowledge can be used to help.
of these great earthquakes.
George Plafker: “…the oceanic crust is being pushed underneath that part of southern
Alaska at a very low angle and there was slip on this, on the interface between the
oceanic crust and the overlying continental crust. “
These two crusts are converging at the dramatic rate of an inch and a half each year.
Periodic slip between the crusts produces great quakes, which Plafker called
“megathrust” earthquakes. Scientists now recognize the distinctive patterns of uplift
and downdrop at the earth’s surface characteristic of these quakes.
George Plafker: “One of the obvious things that everybody wants to know when you
have an earthquake like this is how frequently do they occur? Could you have one
tomorrow or is it thousands of years?”
By drilling 50 feet into the earth and taking core samples, Plafker and his team
discovered nine megathrust earthquakes had occurred in south central Alaska over the
past 5,500 years. The average time span between these quakes is 630 years.
The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake was accompanied by massive tsunamis. Within
minutes one created a wave 20 stories high in parts of Alaska. Some travelled across
the Pacific wreaking havoc in coastal Oregon, California, and Hawaii.
The widespread damage and loss of life from this earthquake led to a determination to
use science to save lives in the future.
Peter Haeussler: “South central Alaska here is the infrastructure center of the state and
it’s also by far the largest population center of the state. And the work that we do
involves basically….the fundamental characterizing of the earthquake hazard and
knowing which faults are active, which faults can produce earthquakes, understanding
how often these earthquakes occur. And then another part is understanding the local
tsunami hazard."
Legacies from the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake include: - The USGS Earthquake
Hazards Program. – NOAA’s round-the-clock Tsunami Warning Centers. – The
Advanced National Seismic System, resulting in Seismic Hazard Maps and improved
building codes.
All together, these programs can help predict strong ground motions from future
earthquakes, and minimize risks. For one example, scientists learned that Valdez was so
unstable and at such risk for earthquakes that the town was moved.
The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake changed our understanding of quakes and tsunamis
and had a profound and lasting impact on how scientific knowledge can be used to help.
| Click here to see video. |
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Personal Earthquake Experience of the Quizmaster General |
| In 1999, I was vacationing in Turkey when the 7.8 earthquake hit that destroyed the northern part of the country. The hotel where we were staying in Istanbul was located in a neighborhood that sustained minimal damage; a town that was about 10 miles away was obliterated. It was just past 3 am when the quake hit. At first, I thought I felt a truck driving in the street but the vibrations got worse and worse and worse. Suddenly, I heard a friend running down the hall screaming Earthquake! I ran out of my room and into the stairwell. The building felt as if it was walking off its foundations. I thought it was going to collapse on me. Yet it was the most peaceful moment I've ever had knowing that I may have made the last decision I would ever need to make in my life. Either I survived or I didn't. Before I knew it, I was in the street with the clothes on my back. No shoes, no wallet, no glasses, no ID. The friend in his pajamas stood next to me. We watched as people trickled out of the hotel - one family with four children appeared after about ten minutes. If the building had collapsed, they would have been killed. As we walked through the streets among the milling crowds, Istanbul suddenly went dark with major power failure. We wandered around for hours, unable to go back into our hotel. When the sky started to lighten, we heard the call to prayer at dawn. Even though the city was lying in major ruins, the muezzins still fulfilled their obligation. I don't know if they climbed to the tops of their minarets. Either way, we could barely hear the prayer - their microphones were useless. My family didn't know I was alive. It wasn't until many hours later that I was able to find an internet cafe that had power restored to send them a quick email that I was OK. There are many more stories. My friends and I didn't know much about what had happened because the dish for the satellite that provided English language television had been knocked out of position and we couldn't read the Turkish papers. We just knew there were thousands of people sleeping in the parks. When I got home to CA two days later as I was driving in to work I heard on the radio that by the time I emerged from the stairwell and had made it into the street, 35,000 people had been killed and 125,000 buildings had collapsed. I had calls all day from friends wanting to know if I was all right. Colleen Fitzpatrick PhD Quizmaster General World Traveler Total Solar Eclipse Afficianado |
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| AMU (Alaskan Methodist University) Banner for production of Our Town March 25-28 |
| Sportsman's Bar |
| Hunter's Bar |
| Scandinavian Club Bar |
| 1960's Model Cars |
| The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake life.time.com/history/great-alaska-earthquake-of-1964-rare-photos/#17 |
There are hints that the photograph was
taken the day after the quake, or even a
few days later:
What appears to be an inspection crew is
walking towards the camera. It includes a
man wearing a hard hat, and two
policemen. There are also saw horses in
the street with policemen or guards
regulating traffic in the damaged area.
taken the day after the quake, or even a
few days later:
What appears to be an inspection crew is
walking towards the camera. It includes a
man wearing a hard hat, and two
policemen. There are also saw horses in
the street with policemen or guards
regulating traffic in the damaged area.
The 1964 Alaskan earthquake, also
known as the Great Alaskan earthquake
and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at
5:36 P.M. AST on Good Friday, March
27. Across south-central Alaska, ground
fissures, collapsing structures, and
tsunamis resulting from the earthquake
caused about 139 deaths.
Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight
seconds, it was the most powerful
recorded megathrust earthquake in U.S.
and North American history, and the
second most powerful ever measured by
seismograph. It had a moment magnitude
of 9.2, making it the second strongest
earthquake in recorded history—the
strongest being the 1960 Valdivia
earthquake in Chile.
The powerful earthquake caused soil
liquefaction in the region. Ground
fissures and failures caused major
structural damage in several
communities, much damage to property
and several landslides. Anchorage
sustained great destruction or damage to
many inadequately earthquake engineered
houses, buildings, and infrastructure
(paved streets, sidewalks, water and
sewer mains, electrical systems, and
other man-made equipment), particularly
in the several landslide zones along Knik
Arm. Two hundred miles southwest,
some areas near Kodiak were
permanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m).
Southeast of Anchorage, areas around
the head of Turnagain Arm near
Girdwood and Portage dropped as much
as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring
reconstruction and fill to raise the
Seward Highway above the new high
tide mark.
In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez
suffered a massive underwater landslide,
resulting in the deaths of 30 people
between the collapse of the Valdez city
harbor and docks, and inside the ship
that was docked there at the time.
Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m) tsunami
destroyed the village of Chenega, killing
23 of the 68 people who lived there;
survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to
high ground. Post-quake tsunamis
severely affected Whittier, Seward,
Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities,
as well as people and property in British
Columbia, Oregon, and California.
Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii
and Japan. Evidence of motion directly
related to the earthquake was reported
from all over the earth.
The Alaska Earthquake was a subduction
zone earthquake (megathrust
earthquake), caused by an oceanic plate
sinking under a continental plate. The
fault responsible was the Aleutian
Megathrust, a reverse fault caused by a
compressional force. This caused much
of the uneven ground which is the result
of ground shifted to the opposite
elevation.
Two types of tsunami were produced by
this subduction zone earthquake. There
was a tectonic tsunami produced in
addition to about 20 smaller and local
known as the Great Alaskan earthquake
and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at
5:36 P.M. AST on Good Friday, March
27. Across south-central Alaska, ground
fissures, collapsing structures, and
tsunamis resulting from the earthquake
caused about 139 deaths.
Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight
seconds, it was the most powerful
recorded megathrust earthquake in U.S.
and North American history, and the
second most powerful ever measured by
seismograph. It had a moment magnitude
of 9.2, making it the second strongest
earthquake in recorded history—the
strongest being the 1960 Valdivia
earthquake in Chile.
The powerful earthquake caused soil
liquefaction in the region. Ground
fissures and failures caused major
structural damage in several
communities, much damage to property
and several landslides. Anchorage
sustained great destruction or damage to
many inadequately earthquake engineered
houses, buildings, and infrastructure
(paved streets, sidewalks, water and
sewer mains, electrical systems, and
other man-made equipment), particularly
in the several landslide zones along Knik
Arm. Two hundred miles southwest,
some areas near Kodiak were
permanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m).
Southeast of Anchorage, areas around
the head of Turnagain Arm near
Girdwood and Portage dropped as much
as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring
reconstruction and fill to raise the
Seward Highway above the new high
tide mark.
In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez
suffered a massive underwater landslide,
resulting in the deaths of 30 people
between the collapse of the Valdez city
harbor and docks, and inside the ship
that was docked there at the time.
Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m) tsunami
destroyed the village of Chenega, killing
23 of the 68 people who lived there;
survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to
high ground. Post-quake tsunamis
severely affected Whittier, Seward,
Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities,
as well as people and property in British
Columbia, Oregon, and California.
Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii
and Japan. Evidence of motion directly
related to the earthquake was reported
from all over the earth.
The Alaska Earthquake was a subduction
zone earthquake (megathrust
earthquake), caused by an oceanic plate
sinking under a continental plate. The
fault responsible was the Aleutian
Megathrust, a reverse fault caused by a
compressional force. This caused much
of the uneven ground which is the result
of ground shifted to the opposite
elevation.
Two types of tsunami were produced by
this subduction zone earthquake. There
was a tectonic tsunami produced in
addition to about 20 smaller and local
tsunami. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides
and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were
noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan,
and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a
height of about 220 ft (67 m).
Read more...
and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were
noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan,
and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a
height of about 220 ft (67 m).
Read more...
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| Calculated travel time map for the tectonic tsunami produced by the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake in Alaska. Tsunami Travel Times computed using TTT v3.1 (P. Wessel). Map does not show the height or strength of the waves, only the calculated travel times. Red: 1-4 hour arrival times Yellow: 5-6 hour arrival times Green: 7-14 hour arrival times Blue: 15-21 hour arrival times. |